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Connected Guides
  • Random walks and Brownian motion
  • Itô's lemma
  • Filtrations, adapted processes and stopping times
  • Conditional expectation and martingales
  • Properties of Brownian motion
  • The reflection principle and first passage times
  • The Brownian bridge
  • The Itô integral

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Quadratic variation

Why does the sum of squared increments settle down while the sum of absolute increments explodes?

Watch Σ(ΔW)² converge to T and Σ|ΔW| grow like √n as the partition refines.

Partition

64
312
Random seed: 5
Σ(ΔW)²
1.390
T
1.000
Σ|ΔW|
7.77
√(2nT/π)
6.38
Quadratic variation Σ(ΔW)²
Σ(ΔW)²TT ± 2 sd
Absolute variation Σ|ΔW|
Σ|ΔW|√(2nT/π)
Zoom: the path is rough at every scale
Zoom ×1
Zoom ×4
Zoom ×16
Zoom ×64

Each window is rescaled to the same size. They are statistically indistinguishable: zooming never smooths a Brownian path.